Turkish Turkish Language And Literature

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just_a_dreamer Thursday 12th of January 2006 06:36:16 PM
Turkish Language and Literature -

in this topic i only want to give some information about the turkish language and literature.it may seem boring or lessonlike.but it may be useful for homework or thesis or just for knowledge.you know,learning a language means to learn its culture and history...

The Turkish language belongs to the Altay branch of the Uralo-Altay linguistic family. Through the span of history, Turks have spread over a wide geographical area, taking their language with them. Turkish speaking people have lived in a wide area stretching form today\'s Mongolia to the north coast of the Black Sea, the Balkans, East Europe, Anatolia, Iraq and a wide area of northern Africa. Various dialects and accents have emerged from these distances. The history of the language is divided into three main groups, old Turkish (from the 7th to the 13th centuries), mid-Turkish (from the 13th to the 20th), and new Turkish from the 20th century onwards. During the five centuries of the Ottoman Empire period, Arabic and Persian words as well as words from other languages were assimilated into the Turkish language. The natural development of the Turkish language was severely hampered during this time.

The \"new language\" movement began in 1928, five years after the proclamation of the Republic, and the Arabic alphabet was replaced by the Latin one. The new language movement also sought to rid the language of foreign words. The Turkish Language Institute was established in 1932 to carry out linguistic research and contribute to the natural development of the language. As a consequence of these efforts, modern Turkish is a literary and cultural language developing naturally and free of foreign influences.

just_a_dreamer Thursday 12th of January 2006 06:45:59 PM
- [color=red][size=2]Turkish Literature Prior to the Adoption of Islam[/size][/color]

The history of Turkish literature may be divided into three periods reflecting the history of Turkish civilization:

Turkish literature was the joint product of the Turkish clansand was mostly oral.

The oldest known examples of Turkish writings are on obelisks dating from the late 7th and early 8th centuries. The Orhun monument inscriptions written in 720 for Tonyukuk, in 732 for Kultiginand in 735 for Bilge Kagan are masterpieces of Turkish literature with their subject matter and perfect style. Turkish epics dating from those times include the Yaratilis, , Saka, Oguz, , Kagan, , Gokturk, Uygur, and Manas, .

The "Book of Dede Korkut," put own in writing in the14th century, is an extremely valuable work that preserves the memory of that epic era in beautiful language.

just_a_dreamer Thursday 12th of January 2006 06:54:56 PM
- [color=red][size=2]Turkish Literature After the Adoption of Islam[/size][/color]

Following Turkish migrations into Anatolia in the wake of the Malazgirt victory in 1071, the establishment of various Beyliks in Anatolia and the eventual founding of the Seljuk and Ottoman Empires set the scene for Turkish literature to develop along two distinct lines, with "divan" or classical literature drawing its inspiration from the Arabic and Persian languages and Turkish folk literature still remaining deeply rooted in Central Asian traditions.

Divan poets did not have independent philosophies. The magnificence of the poetry appeared in original and beautiful forms of expression rather than original ideas in content. The most famous of the Divan poets were Baki", Fuzuli", Nedim" and Nef'i".

Initially based on two foreign literary traditions, Arab",and Persian, Divan literature gradually took on Ottoman national characteristics.

Turkish folk literature reflects the influence of Islam and the new life style and form of the traditional literature of Central Asia after the adoption of Islam. Turkish folk literature includes anonymous bardic poems and Tekke (mystical religious retreats) literature. Yunus Emre who lived in the second half of the 13th and early 14th centuries was an epoch making poet and sufi (mystical philosopher) expert in all three areas of folk literature as well as divan poetry. Important figures of poetic literature were Karacaoglan, Asik Omer, Erzurumlu Emrah and Kayserili Seyrani.

just_a_dreamer Thursday 12th of January 2006 08:13:05 PM
- [size=2][color=red]Influence of Western Literature on Turkish Literature[/color][/size]

Modern Turkish literature, from about 1860 to today, is primarily concerned with intellectual content rather than aesthetic values or perfection of style . The latest period of modern Turkish literature, known as Turkish literature of the Republican period , was influenced by literary schools following the Divan poets. These include Tanzimat (reforms), SerVet-i Funun (scientific wealth), Fecr-i Ati (dawnof the new age) and Ulusal Edebiyat (national literature).

Leading figures in the first period, Tanzimat literature (1860-1880), include Sinasi, Ziya Pasa, Namik Kemal, and Ahmet Mithat Efendi. Leading figures during the second period, Servet-i Funun (1880-1896), include Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem, Abdulhak Hamit, Sami Pasazade Sezai, and Nabizade Nazim.

The most interesting Fecr-i Ati poet was Ahmet Hasim.Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu and Refik Halit Karay who initially joined the Fecr-i Ati at the beginning of their careers, attained their true literary identities later in the National Literature Movement.

Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Yahya Kemal Beyatli. initially followed independent courses and later joined the National Literature movement. .TheTanzimat, Servet-i Funun and Fecr-i Ati groups. who came together to create .a modern Turkish literature. made great strides toward their goal, but fell short as their works lacked distinctive national characteristics. These works were .French. in spirit and Ottoman in language and style.

The years between .1911 and 1923.were most critical to .the National Literature Movement. Leading literary figures of the period include .Ziya Gokalp, Omer Seyfettin, Mehmet Emin Yurdaku, Yusef Ziya Ortac, Faruk Nafiz Camlibel, Enis Behic Koryurek, Kemalettin Kamu, AkaGunduz, Yakup Kadri Karasomanoglu, Halide Edip Adivar, Halit Karay, Resiat Nuri Guntekin, Ahmet Hikmet Mufuoglu, Necip Fazil Kisakurek, Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Sukufe Nihal, Peyami Safa and Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar..

The first decade of the Republic bore the stamp of the National Literature movement, favoring simple clear language,.poetic forms. and.syllabic meter. of. folk literature. and inherently Turkish topics.

The first poets of the Republic used simple language and syllabic meter. .Orhan Seyfi Orhon, Yusuf Ziya Ortac, Faruk Nafiz Camlibel and Kemalettin Kamu, advocates of .the syllabic meter. who won fame during .the Truce Years,. all stressed themes from Anatolia and the lives of ordinary people in their poems.

Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar. wrote intensely profound poems full of hidden meaning, adapting Paul Valery's poetic notions to the Turkish language. Ahmet Kutsi Tecer was inspired in his work by folk sources, while Necip Fazil Kisakurek expressed the mystic tendencies of the Anatolian people in his poems and plays, using the Turkish language skillfully in an original and modern style reflecting his colorful character.Nazim Hikmet Ran, who went to Russia when he was young and returned with Marxist-materialistic convictions, wrote revolutionary poems using the aesthetic qualities of the Turkish language. These poems were the beginning of a socialist trend which became common in Turkish literature in the 1960s. By contrast,Ahmet Muhip Dranas' poems reflected aesthetic considerations only.

Omer Seyfettin, the founder and most successful representative of the short story tradition in Turkish literature became the most widely-read author in the country with publication of the 144th edition of his books. The writing of Sait Faik Abasiyanik and Sabahattin Ali started two widely different trends. Sait Faik Abasiyanik depicted happenings in Istanbul with intensely and subjective poetic feeling. In contrast, Sabahattin Ali specialized in objective description of simple events. With these two writers, daily life, opinions and expectations entered literary tradition, a trend that was to intensify in the 1960s.

Orhan Veli Kanik published his poems in a book entitled "Garip" in 1941. Kanik and two other poets who shared his style, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat, created a new poetic movement called "Garipciler" based on the elimination of such formal restrictions as meter, rhyme and analogy. They wanted poetry to become a simple expression of feelings. Orhan Veli's successful poems in free verse greatly influenced those who came after him. Cahit Sitki Taranci achieved the same simplicity through the use of meter and rhyme. Free verse spread rapidly.Asaf Halet Celebi, Fazil Husnu Daglarca and Behcet Necatigil successfully represented this style.

Osman Thursday 12th of January 2006 09:36:26 PM
- Gökhan! my friend, you do super work here!

i am glad to have you here. keep up your good work here around.

Of course students also need to know other things besides Turkish Language.

so i congragulate you! TEBRİKLER!!!

just_a_dreamer Friday 13th of January 2006 03:05:58 AM
-
[size=2][color=red]TURKISH POETRY[/color][/size]

http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~sibel/poetry/

this link is very very nice.if you want to read some turkish poetry,you should definetely visit here.

A sample >>>

[color=red]ISTANBUL GATE OF FELICITY[/color]

from `Suite in the Ottoman Mode'

world war years with the beauty of a frightened woman

when the good cheer kept vigil at the kuzgunjuk landing

turned like the pessimistic cadets of kuleli toward sultan reshad

and no one was there for the last autumnal ferry

no helva vendors from beykoz or phonographs with odeon horns

pouring out songs in an ancient mode only the captain's cymbals

alla turca made in yildiz and lifted from the bazaars

istanbul straits with the sulkiness of a wounded vulture

when monocled german officers argued at kramer's beerhouse

moltke versus bismarck in their fissured tongue

downing three bitter dark green doubles of pilsen beer

torpedo net heroes rich in numbers as the imperial band

return to the galician front under the cold russian rain

swept night and day by long range battery fire

red crescent tents blossoming like wet flowers

enormous flowers of extremely bloodstained white

back to the galician front the operetta remedy

in ikdam false news of victory on the syrian front

at the ministry of war the commander in chief enver pasha

with colonel suleyman of military secret intelligence

knows nothing of how time passes until morning worship

in the unfiltered glass-shattering darkness of a cellar

before an execution the nervous motions of prayer

of cowardly shadows in bekiraga prison

the sticky sweat crawling on yakub jemil's temples

the torn union and progress membership card on the floor

the rattle of a mauser being loaded the order to shoot

the lilacs fade life lightning in the water jug there is no cure

those world war years with the beauty of a frightened woman

Attila Ilhan (1925 - )
Translated by Nermin Menemencioglu

just_a_dreamer Friday 13th of January 2006 04:36:15 AM
other forms - [color=red]FOLK LITERATURE[/color]

The literary works, which is based on syllabic meter like minstrel poetry different from classical school of poetry, the oral literary works whose owners can not be determined such as proverbs, legends, tales, stories, anecdotes, lullabies, folksongs, riddles, folk music forms, wailing are all under the name of “Folk Literature”.

[color=red]MINSTREL LITERATURE[/color]

Minstrel is a poet type which is seen from the beginning of 11th and 12th centuries in Turkish Folk Literature. It’s believed that the minstrel poet takes his poetry power from his drinking the wine of love which his master presented to him in his dream and dreaming the image of his lover. “Folk poet” is used instead of “Folk minstrel”. Folk mistrals have left many works having different subjects. Since most of these works were told by illiterate minstrels impromptu, some of them were forgotten and some of them were protected. The folk poems of the minstrels are told impromptu.

Folk poems having religion and Islamic mysticism subject are called “Tekke (Dervish-lodge” Poems”.

[color=red]MANİ (Turkish folk-music forms)[/color]

They are quatrains sang according to the syllabic meter of generally whose teller are nor known. Bayati word is used to call mani in Eastern Anatolia. The rhyme order is a-a-b-a

[color=red]RIGMAROLE[/color]

These works are generally in the children traditions and which can be produced with main rhyme and rhymes and which are arranged according to the similarities of sounds and words and whose tellers are not known. They can be classified as.

Tale rigmarole

Play rigmarole

Ceremony rigmarole

[color=red]FOLK SONGS[/color]

Folk song is the name mostly used to show every kind of folk poem which is sung with a melody in oral tradition of Turkey. Names of Lullabies, wailing, folk poems, tunes can be used according to the classifications of the words and tune in special conditions.

[color=red]LULLABY[/color]

These are literary works which are sung to make the children sleep or to make them stop crying with a simple language and syllabic meter and with a melody.

[color=red]WAILING[/color]

These are literary works sung with melodies which express the feelings of fright, anxiety, sorrow and mutiny in cases of natural disasters, deaths, illnesses and helplessness. Singing a wailing is called crying a wailing and the one crying a wailing is called “wailer”.

[color=Red]TALE[/color]

Is a type of expression which is imaginary, is on unknown time and which does not aim to make the listeners believe. To draw the attention of the listener on the take rigmarole are told in the beginning in the end or in some proper places.

[color=Red]ANECTODES[/color]

Are the short literary works which focus on the events of daily lives and which aims to draw results from the told events and in which satire, witty remorks and humor exist.

[color=red]STORIES[/color]

Are a way of expressing Heal events of life in a long form in which the sounds and mimics are used in combination with melodies and saz.

They are divided into two groups according to their dimensions.

1.Short stories having a simple structure and which have been taken from a legends, tales or real lives and which focus only on an event. Telling them may take at most two hours.

2.The stories which focus on a group of crowded people, the unexpected situations coming one by one and as a result, the difficult events. This makes the story to be told in a longer time. These stories may continue to be told 1-7 nights.

[color=red]RIDDLES[/color]

Are stereotyped words which asks about natural events and human beings, the living things such as animals and plants, goods, religious subjects and motives; aiming to make associations. The equivalents of these words are accepted without any dispute.

[color=red]PROVERBS[/color]

Are the words that we have inherited form our ancestors, that have a certain opinion and whose tellers are not known and which are used in daily languages.

[color=red]LEGENDS[/color]

Legends which are a sort of Folk Literature, making a cultural transfer from past to today, are one of the areas helping to contribute the structure of human beings and cultural structure that they produced. Is one of the types of literature which is formed attributing supernatural characteristics to real and imaginary beings, places and events, which canalize the individual and social life of a person with the belief that they are told as real, and whose tellers are definite. They may be classified according to their subjects as:

Legends on historical places, people and events

Legends on supernatural beings

Legends on animals

Legends on religious subjects.

Legends on plants and trees

Legends on natural surrounding and events

Phrasebase Archive
	just_a_dreamer	Thursday 12th of January 2006 06:36:16 PM
	Turkish Language and Literature - in this topic i only want to give some information about the turkish language and literature.it may seem boring or lessonlike.but it may be useful for homework or thesis or just for knowledge.you know,learning a language means to learn its culture and history... The Turkish language belongs to the Altay branch of the Uralo-Altay linguistic family. Through the span of history, Turks have spread over a wide geographical area, taking their language with them. Turkish speaking people have lived in a wide area stretching form today\'s Mongolia to the north coast of the Black Sea, the Balkans, East Europe, Anatolia, Iraq and a wide area of northern Africa. Various dialects and accents have emerged from these distances. The history of the language is divided into three main groups, old Turkish (from the 7th to the 13th centuries), mid-Turkish (from the 13th to the 20th), and new Turkish from the 20th century onwards. During the five centuries of the Ottoman Empire period, Arabic and Persian words as well as words from other languages were assimilated into the Turkish language. The natural development of the Turkish language was severely hampered during this time. The \"new language\" movement began in 1928, five years after the proclamation of the Republic, and the Arabic alphabet was replaced by the Latin one. The new language movement also sought to rid the language of foreign words. The Turkish Language Institute was established in 1932 to carry out linguistic research and contribute to the natural development of the language. As a consequence of these efforts, modern Turkish is a literary and cultural language developing naturally and free of foreign influences.
	just_a_dreamer	Thursday 12th of January 2006 06:45:59 PM
	- [color=red][size=2]Turkish Literature Prior to the Adoption of Islam[/size][/color] The history of Turkish literature may be divided into three periods reflecting the history of Turkish civilization: Turkish literature was the joint product of the Turkish clansand was mostly oral. The oldest known examples of Turkish writings are on obelisks dating from the late 7th and early 8th centuries. The Orhun monument inscriptions written in 720 for Tonyukuk, in 732 for Kultiginand in 735 for Bilge Kagan are masterpieces of Turkish literature with their subject matter and perfect style. Turkish epics dating from those times include the Yaratilis, , Saka, Oguz, , Kagan, , Gokturk, Uygur, and Manas, . The "Book of Dede Korkut," put own in writing in the14th century, is an extremely valuable work that preserves the memory of that epic era in beautiful language.
	just_a_dreamer	Thursday 12th of January 2006 06:54:56 PM
	- [color=red][size=2]Turkish Literature After the Adoption of Islam[/size][/color] Following Turkish migrations into Anatolia in the wake of the Malazgirt victory in 1071, the establishment of various Beyliks in Anatolia and the eventual founding of the Seljuk and Ottoman Empires set the scene for Turkish literature to develop along two distinct lines, with "divan" or classical literature drawing its inspiration from the Arabic and Persian languages and Turkish folk literature still remaining deeply rooted in Central Asian traditions. Divan poets did not have independent philosophies. The magnificence of the poetry appeared in original and beautiful forms of expression rather than original ideas in content. The most famous of the Divan poets were Baki", Fuzuli", Nedim" and Nef'i". Initially based on two foreign literary traditions, Arab",and Persian, Divan literature gradually took on Ottoman national characteristics. Turkish folk literature reflects the influence of Islam and the new life style and form of the traditional literature of Central Asia after the adoption of Islam. Turkish folk literature includes anonymous bardic poems and Tekke (mystical religious retreats) literature. Yunus Emre who lived in the second half of the 13th and early 14th centuries was an epoch making poet and sufi (mystical philosopher) expert in all three areas of folk literature as well as divan poetry. Important figures of poetic literature were Karacaoglan, Asik Omer, Erzurumlu Emrah and Kayserili Seyrani.
	just_a_dreamer	Thursday 12th of January 2006 08:13:05 PM
	- [size=2][color=red]Influence of Western Literature on Turkish Literature[/color][/size] Modern Turkish literature, from about 1860 to today, is primarily concerned with intellectual content rather than aesthetic values or perfection of style . The latest period of modern Turkish literature, known as Turkish literature of the Republican period , was influenced by literary schools following the Divan poets. These include Tanzimat (reforms), SerVet-i Funun (scientific wealth), Fecr-i Ati (dawnof the new age) and Ulusal Edebiyat (national literature). Leading figures in the first period, Tanzimat literature (1860-1880), include Sinasi, Ziya Pasa, Namik Kemal, and Ahmet Mithat Efendi. Leading figures during the second period, Servet-i Funun (1880-1896), include Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem, Abdulhak Hamit, Sami Pasazade Sezai, and Nabizade Nazim. The most interesting Fecr-i Ati poet was Ahmet Hasim.Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu and Refik Halit Karay who initially joined the Fecr-i Ati at the beginning of their careers, attained their true literary identities later in the National Literature Movement. Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Yahya Kemal Beyatli. initially followed independent courses and later joined the National Literature movement. .TheTanzimat, Servet-i Funun and Fecr-i Ati groups. who came together to create .a modern Turkish literature. made great strides toward their goal, but fell short as their works lacked distinctive national characteristics. These works were .French. in spirit and Ottoman in language and style. The years between .1911 and 1923.were most critical to .the National Literature Movement. Leading literary figures of the period include .Ziya Gokalp, Omer Seyfettin, Mehmet Emin Yurdaku, Yusef Ziya Ortac, Faruk Nafiz Camlibel, Enis Behic Koryurek, Kemalettin Kamu, AkaGunduz, Yakup Kadri Karasomanoglu, Halide Edip Adivar, Halit Karay, Resiat Nuri Guntekin, Ahmet Hikmet Mufuoglu, Necip Fazil Kisakurek, Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Sukufe Nihal, Peyami Safa and Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar.. The first decade of the Republic bore the stamp of the National Literature movement, favoring simple clear language,.poetic forms. and.syllabic meter. of. folk literature. and inherently Turkish topics. The first poets of the Republic used simple language and syllabic meter. .Orhan Seyfi Orhon, Yusuf Ziya Ortac, Faruk Nafiz Camlibel and Kemalettin Kamu, advocates of .the syllabic meter. who won fame during .the Truce Years,. all stressed themes from Anatolia and the lives of ordinary people in their poems. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar. wrote intensely profound poems full of hidden meaning, adapting Paul Valery's poetic notions to the Turkish language. Ahmet Kutsi Tecer was inspired in his work by folk sources, while Necip Fazil Kisakurek expressed the mystic tendencies of the Anatolian people in his poems and plays, using the Turkish language skillfully in an original and modern style reflecting his colorful character.Nazim Hikmet Ran, who went to Russia when he was young and returned with Marxist-materialistic convictions, wrote revolutionary poems using the aesthetic qualities of the Turkish language. These poems were the beginning of a socialist trend which became common in Turkish literature in the 1960s. By contrast,Ahmet Muhip Dranas' poems reflected aesthetic considerations only. Omer Seyfettin, the founder and most successful representative of the short story tradition in Turkish literature became the most widely-read author in the country with publication of the 144th edition of his books. The writing of Sait Faik Abasiyanik and Sabahattin Ali started two widely different trends. Sait Faik Abasiyanik depicted happenings in Istanbul with intensely and subjective poetic feeling. In contrast, Sabahattin Ali specialized in objective description of simple events. With these two writers, daily life, opinions and expectations entered literary tradition, a trend that was to intensify in the 1960s. Orhan Veli Kanik published his poems in a book entitled "Garip" in 1941. Kanik and two other poets who shared his style, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat, created a new poetic movement called "Garipciler" based on the elimination of such formal restrictions as meter, rhyme and analogy. They wanted poetry to become a simple expression of feelings. Orhan Veli's successful poems in free verse greatly influenced those who came after him. Cahit Sitki Taranci achieved the same simplicity through the use of meter and rhyme. Free verse spread rapidly.Asaf Halet Celebi, Fazil Husnu Daglarca and Behcet Necatigil successfully represented this style.
	Osman	Thursday 12th of January 2006 09:36:26 PM
	- Gökhan! my friend, you do super work here! i am glad to have you here. keep up your good work here around. Of course students also need to know other things besides Turkish Language. so i congragulate you! TEBRİKLER!!!
	just_a_dreamer	Friday 13th of January 2006 03:05:58 AM
	- [size=2][color=red]TURKISH POETRY[/color][/size] http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~sibel/poetry/ this link is very very nice.if you want to read some turkish poetry,you should definetely visit here. A sample >>> [color=red]ISTANBUL GATE OF FELICITY[/color] from `Suite in the Ottoman Mode' world war years with the beauty of a frightened woman when the good cheer kept vigil at the kuzgunjuk landing turned like the pessimistic cadets of kuleli toward sultan reshad and no one was there for the last autumnal ferry no helva vendors from beykoz or phonographs with odeon horns pouring out songs in an ancient mode only the captain's cymbals alla turca made in yildiz and lifted from the bazaars istanbul straits with the sulkiness of a wounded vulture when monocled german officers argued at kramer's beerhouse moltke versus bismarck in their fissured tongue downing three bitter dark green doubles of pilsen beer torpedo net heroes rich in numbers as the imperial band return to the galician front under the cold russian rain swept night and day by long range battery fire red crescent tents blossoming like wet flowers enormous flowers of extremely bloodstained white back to the galician front the operetta remedy in ikdam false news of victory on the syrian front at the ministry of war the commander in chief enver pasha with colonel suleyman of military secret intelligence knows nothing of how time passes until morning worship in the unfiltered glass-shattering darkness of a cellar before an execution the nervous motions of prayer of cowardly shadows in bekiraga prison the sticky sweat crawling on yakub jemil's temples the torn union and progress membership card on the floor the rattle of a mauser being loaded the order to shoot the lilacs fade life lightning in the water jug there is no cure those world war years with the beauty of a frightened woman Attila Ilhan (1925 - ) Translated by Nermin Menemencioglu
	just_a_dreamer	Friday 13th of January 2006 04:36:15 AM
	other forms - [color=red]FOLK LITERATURE[/color] The literary works, which is based on syllabic meter like minstrel poetry different from classical school of poetry, the oral literary works whose owners can not be determined such as proverbs, legends, tales, stories, anecdotes, lullabies, folksongs, riddles, folk music forms, wailing are all under the name of “Folk Literature”. [color=red]MINSTREL LITERATURE[/color] Minstrel is a poet type which is seen from the beginning of 11th and 12th centuries in Turkish Folk Literature. It’s believed that the minstrel poet takes his poetry power from his drinking the wine of love which his master presented to him in his dream and dreaming the image of his lover. “Folk poet” is used instead of “Folk minstrel”. Folk mistrals have left many works having different subjects. Since most of these works were told by illiterate minstrels impromptu, some of them were forgotten and some of them were protected. The folk poems of the minstrels are told impromptu. Folk poems having religion and Islamic mysticism subject are called “Tekke (Dervish-lodge” Poems”. [color=red]MANİ (Turkish folk-music forms)[/color] They are quatrains sang according to the syllabic meter of generally whose teller are nor known. Bayati word is used to call mani in Eastern Anatolia. The rhyme order is a-a-b-a [color=red]RIGMAROLE[/color] These works are generally in the children traditions and which can be produced with main rhyme and rhymes and which are arranged according to the similarities of sounds and words and whose tellers are not known. They can be classified as. Tale rigmarole Play rigmarole Ceremony rigmarole [color=red]FOLK SONGS[/color] Folk song is the name mostly used to show every kind of folk poem which is sung with a melody in oral tradition of Turkey. Names of Lullabies, wailing, folk poems, tunes can be used according to the classifications of the words and tune in special conditions. [color=red]LULLABY[/color] These are literary works which are sung to make the children sleep or to make them stop crying with a simple language and syllabic meter and with a melody. [color=red]WAILING[/color] These are literary works sung with melodies which express the feelings of fright, anxiety, sorrow and mutiny in cases of natural disasters, deaths, illnesses and helplessness. Singing a wailing is called crying a wailing and the one crying a wailing is called “wailer”. [color=Red]TALE[/color] Is a type of expression which is imaginary, is on unknown time and which does not aim to make the listeners believe. To draw the attention of the listener on the take rigmarole are told in the beginning in the end or in some proper places. [color=Red]ANECTODES[/color] Are the short literary works which focus on the events of daily lives and which aims to draw results from the told events and in which satire, witty remorks and humor exist. [color=red]STORIES[/color] Are a way of expressing Heal events of life in a long form in which the sounds and mimics are used in combination with melodies and saz. They are divided into two groups according to their dimensions. 1.Short stories having a simple structure and which have been taken from a legends, tales or real lives and which focus only on an event. Telling them may take at most two hours. 2.The stories which focus on a group of crowded people, the unexpected situations coming one by one and as a result, the difficult events. This makes the story to be told in a longer time. These stories may continue to be told 1-7 nights. [color=red]RIDDLES[/color] Are stereotyped words which asks about natural events and human beings, the living things such as animals and plants, goods, religious subjects and motives; aiming to make associations. The equivalents of these words are accepted without any dispute. [color=red]PROVERBS[/color] Are the words that we have inherited form our ancestors, that have a certain opinion and whose tellers are not known and which are used in daily languages. [color=red]LEGENDS[/color] Legends which are a sort of Folk Literature, making a cultural transfer from past to today, are one of the areas helping to contribute the structure of human beings and cultural structure that they produced. Is one of the types of literature which is formed attributing supernatural characteristics to real and imaginary beings, places and events, which canalize the individual and social life of a person with the belief that they are told as real, and whose tellers are definite. They may be classified according to their subjects as: Legends on historical places, people and events Legends on supernatural beings Legends on animals Legends on religious subjects. Legends on plants and trees Legends on natural surrounding and events