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Background: Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration by whites, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development. The ruling party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement with rebel forces ended the fighting in 1992.
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Common Name: Mozambique
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Local Official Name: Mocambique
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Abbreviated Name: Republic of Mozambique
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Official Name: Republica de Mocambique
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Official Script Name: Mozambique
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Local Common Name: Mozambique
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Former Name: Portuguese East Africa
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Territory of: NA
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Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO
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Government Type: republic
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Independence: 1975 June 25 (from Portugal)
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Constitution: 1990 November 30
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National Holiday: Independence Day, 25 June
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International Organization Participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
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Administrative Divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), 1 city*; Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Maputo City*, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
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Dependent Areas: NA
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Legal System: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
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Suffrage: 18 years of age years
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Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches: Executive Branch:
chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986); note - before being popularly elected, CHISSANO was elected president by Frelimo's Central Committee on 4 November 1986 (reelected by the Committee 30 July 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since 17 December 1994)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO reelected president; percent of vote - Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO 52.29%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 47.71%
Legislative Branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (250 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on a secret ballot to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: percent of vote by party - Frelimo 48.54%, Renamo-UE 38.81%; seats by party - Frelimo 133, Renamo-UE 117
note: Renamo-UE ran as a multiparty coalition; none of the other opposition parties received the 5% required to win parliamentary seats; in September 2000, Renamo-UE member Raul DOMINGOS was expelled from the party, he continues to hold his parliamentary seat as an independent
Judicial Branch:
Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional judges are appointed by the president and some are elected by the Assembly); other courts include an Administrative Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts
note: although the constitution provides for the creation of a separate Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases
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Party Leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE [Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]
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International Disputes: NA
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Illicit Drugs: Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish, South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa)
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Location of Mozambique: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania
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Continent: Africa
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Land Area Total: 801,590 sq km
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Region: Eastern African |
Land Area Land: 784,090 sq km
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Capitol City: Maputo
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Land Area Water: 17,500 sq km
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Current:
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Latitude: 018 15 S
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Border Boundary Land: 4,571 km
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Longitude: 035 00 E
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Border Boundary Coastline: 2,470 km
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Arable Land: 4.00 %
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Pastures: 0.00 %
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Crops: 0.00 %
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Woodlands and Forests: 0.00
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Highest Elevation: 2,436 m
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Location: Monte Binga
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Lowest Elevation: 0 m
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Location: Indian Ocean
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Largest City in Mozambique: Maputo
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Maputo Largest City Population: 2,867,000
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Threatened Species: 82
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Environmental Issues: a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant poaching for ivory is a problem
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Environmental Agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Irrigated Land: 1,070
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Bordering Countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
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Natural Resources: coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
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Geographical Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west
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Comparative Area of Mozambique: slightly less than twice the size of California
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Mozambique's Geography: the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country
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Click Here for detailed information about the weather conditions in Mozambique.
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General Climate: tropical to subtropical
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Natural Hazards: severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods occur in central and southern provinces
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Economic Overview: At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from 1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1988, the government embarked on a series of dramatic macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the economy and reduce government participation. These steps combined with the political stability that has prevailed since the 1994 multi-party elections have led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth rate fueled by foreign and domestic investments and donor assistance. Inflation was brought to single digits during the same period, although it has returned to double digits in 2000 and 2001. Foreign exchange rates have remained relatively stable. Fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection abilities. In spite of these gains, Mozambique remains dependent upon foreign assistance for much of its annual budget, and the majority of the population remains below the poverty line. Subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the country's workforce. A substantial trade imbalance persists, although it has diminished with the opening of the MOZAL aluminum smelter, the country's largest foreign investment project. Additional investment projects in titanium extraction/processing and garment manufacturing should further close the import/export gap. Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is now at a manageable level.
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GDP: $17,500,000,000 USD
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Currency: metical
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GDP per Capita: $900 USD
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Currency Code: MZM
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GDP Growth Rate: 9.20 %
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One $USD Equals: %fincurrencyequals% MZM
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Currency Exchange Rate History: meticais per US dollar - 23,314.2 (January 2002), 20,703.6 (2001), 15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999), 12,110.2 (1998), 11,772.6 (1997) note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the weighted average of buying and selling exchange ra
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GDP of Agriculture: 33.00 %
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GDP of Industry: 25.00 %
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GDP of Services: 42.00 % |
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Inflation Rate: 10.00 % |
Population in Poverty: 70.00 %
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Unemployment Rate: 21.00 %
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Tourism: 0.00 visitors each year
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Consumption by lowest 10%: 2.50 %
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Budget Revenue in USD: $393,100,000 USD
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Consumption by upper 10%: 31.70 %
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Budget Expenditures in USD: $1,025,000,000 USD
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Electricity Production: 7,017,000,000 kWh
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Electricity Exports: 5,700,000,000 kWh
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Electricity Consumption: 925,810,000 kWh
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Electricity Imports: 100,000,000 kWh
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Electricity Production by Source:
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Fossil Fuel Electricity Production: 3.56%
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Nuclear Electricity Production: 0.00%
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Hydro Electricity Production: 96.44%
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Other Electricity Production: 0.00%
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Oil Production: 0 barrels per day
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Natural Gas Production: 0 cu m
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Oil Consumption: 0 barrels per day
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Natural Gas Consumption: 0 cu m
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Oil Exports: 0 barrels per day
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Natural Gas Exports: 0 cu m
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Oil Imports: 0 barrels per day
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Natural Gas Imports: 0 cu m
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Proven Oil Reserves: 0 barrels
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Proven Natural Gas Reserves: 0 cu m
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External Debt: $1,000,000,000 USD |
Received in economic aid: $632,800,000 USD
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Donated in economic aid: $0 USD
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Agricultural Products: cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava (tapioca), corn, coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits, potatoes, sunflowers; beef, poultry
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Primary Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco
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Industrial Growth Rate: 3.40 %
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Import Amount in USD: $1,254,000,000 USD - machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, textiles
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Import Partners: South Africa 33.5%, Portugal 4.8%, US 4.2%, Australia 3.8%
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Export Amount in USD: $746,000,000 USD - prawns 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber; bulk electricity
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Export Partners: South Africa 12.7%, Zimbabwe 12.2%, Spain 10.6%, Portugal 10.0%
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GINI Index: 39.60%
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Labor Force Number of People: 7,400,000
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Labor Force by Occupations: agriculture 81%, industry 6%, services 13%
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Radio Broadcast Stations: 41 |
Number of People with Radios: 730,000 |
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Television Broadcast Stations: 1 |
Number of People with Televisions: 67,600 |
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Number of People with Mainline Telephones: 90,000 |
Number of People with Mobile Phones: 100,000 |
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Internet Service Providers: 11 |
Internet Users: 22,500 |
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Internet Country Code: .mz |
Newspapers: 3 |
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Two Letter Country Code: MZ |
Weights and Measures: |
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Phone Country Code: +258 |
Electricity Voltage: Volts |
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Telephone Systems: general assessment: fair system but not available generally (telephone density is only 3.5 telephones for each 1,000 persons)
domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)
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Highways: 5,685 km |
Railways: 3,131 km
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Gas And Oil Pipelines: 595 km |
Waterways: 3,750 km
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Airports: 22 |
Heliports: 0
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Motor Vehicles: 2 per 1,000 people |
CO2 Emissions: 1,110,000 Metric Tons of CO2 per year |
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Per capita CO2 emissions: 0.10 Metric Tons of CO2 per year |
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Merchant Marines: total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,125 GRT/7,024 DWT
ships by type: cargo 3
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belgium 2
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Ports and Harbors: Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba, Quelimane
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Population: 19,607,519 people type - nationality |
Birth Rate: 36.41 births per 1,000 people |
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Population Density: 22.00 people per sq km |
Death Rate: 25.13 deaths per 1,000 people |
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Population Growth: 1.13% per year |
Fertility Rate per Women: 4.71 babies born per woman |
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Population Male 0-14: 4,162,413 |
Population Female 0-14: 4,176,295 |
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Population Male 15-64: 5,313,511 |
Population Female 15-64: 5,407,052 |
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Population Male 65+: 227,761 |
Population Female 65+: 320,487 |
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Population 0-14: 42.50% |
Literacy Rate: 42.30% |
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Population 15-64: 54.70% |
Literacy rate of Males: 58.40% |
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Population 65+: 2.80% |
Literacy rate of Females: 27.00% |
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Population that is Male: 49.00
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Population that is Female: 51.00% |
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Life expectancy at birth in years: 35.46 years |
Infant mortality rate - baby deaths per 1000 births: 138.55 Babies die per 1,000 births |
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Life expectancy at birth for Males: 36.25 years |
Life expectancy at birth for Females: 34.65 years |
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Rate of AIDS/HIV infection: 14.50%
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Number of people living with AIDS or HIV: 1,546,643
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Number of people who died of AIDS: 114,111 |
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Disease Risk:
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Diseases:
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Net Migration Rate per 1,000 people: 0.00
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Nationality: MOZAMBICAN
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Ethnic Groups: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
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Primary Language: Portuguese
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Other Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects
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Primary Religion: indigenous beliefs
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Other Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%
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Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Special Forces, Militia
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Manpower Fit to Serve: NA years
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Manpower Available: 4,711,318 People
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Manpower Fit to Serve: 2,720,583 People
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Amount of Manpower Available each Year: 0 People per year
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Expenditures: $35,100,000 USD per year
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Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP: 1.00
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Note: Phrasebase uses a variety of sources when compiling the facts and information presented above. This information is continually updated throughout the year.
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