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Background: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.
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Nome Comum: Índia
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Nome Oficial Local: India/Bharat
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Nome Abreviado: Republic of India
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Nome Oficial: Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya
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Nome Oficial do Script: India
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Nome Local Comum: India
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Antigo Nome: India
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Território de: NA
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Cabeça de Estado: President Abdul KALAM
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Tipo de Governo: federal republic
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Independência: 1947 August 15 (from UK)
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Constituição: 1950 January 26
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Feriado Nacional: Republic Day, 26 January
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Participação em Organizações Internacionais: AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, EAS, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
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Divisões Administrativas: 28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
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Áreas Dependentes: NA
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Sistema Legal: based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus
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Sufrágio: 18 anos
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Ramos Executivos, Legislativos e Judiciais: Executive Branch:
chief of state: President A.P.J. Abdul KALAM (since 26 July 2002); Vice President Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 August 2002)
Head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held July 2002 (next to be held 18 July 2007); vice president Elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12 August 2002 (next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
Election results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vice president; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8%
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May 2004 (next must be held before May 2009)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 145, BJP 138, CPI(M) 43, SP 36, RJD 24, BSP 19, DMK 16, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 9, JDU 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, TDP 5, TRS 5, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, independents 5, other 30
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")
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Líderes de Partido: note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Lal Krishna ADVANI]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M) [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Eqtedar-e-Melli-Eslami (Naional Islamic Empowerment) [Ahmad Shah AHMADZAI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JDU [George FERNANDEZ]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu SOREN]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Nahzat-e-Faragir-e-Democracy Wa Taraqi-e-Afghanistan (Afghanistan's Democracy and Progress Movement) [Sher Mohammad BUZGAR]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrashekar RAO]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]
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Disputas Internacionais: since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.
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Drogas Ilícitas: world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
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Localização de Índia: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
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Continente: Asia
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Área Total: 3,287,590 sq km
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Região: Central Asia |
Área: 2,973,190 sq km
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Capital: New Delhi
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Território Marítimo: 314,400 sq km
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Hora Actual: +5.30
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Latitude: 020 00 N
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Território Fronteiriço: 14,103 km
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Longitude: 077 00 E
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Linha da Costa: 7,000 km
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Terra Arável: 48.83 %
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Pastos: 0.00 %
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Colheitas: 2.80 %
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Florestas: 0.00
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Ponto mais Elevado: 8,598 m
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Localização: Kanchenjunga
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Ponto mais baixo: 0 m
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Localização: Indian Ocean
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Maior Cidade em Índia: Mumbai
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Mumbai Cidade com maior População: 17,482,000
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Espécies Ameaçadas: 482
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Assuntos Ambientais: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources
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Acordos Ambientais: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Terra Irrigada: 558,080
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Países que fazem Fronteira: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
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Recursos Naturais: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
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Terreno Geográfico: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
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Área Comparada de Índia: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
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Índia's Geografia: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal
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Clique aqui Para informação detalhada sobre as condi絥s do tempo em Índia.
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Clima Geral: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
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Riscos Naturais: droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
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Visão Geral da Economia: ndia's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for half of India's output with less than one quarter of its labor force. About three-fifths of the work-force is in agriculture, leading the UPA government to articulate an economic reform program that includes developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. Government controls on foreign trade and investment have been reduced in some areas, but high tariffs (averaging 20% on non-agricultural items in 2004) and limits on foreign direct investment are still in place. The government in 2005 liberalized investment in the civil aviation, telecom, and construction sectors. Privatization of government-owned industries essentially came to a halt in 2005, and continues to generate political debate; continued social, political, and economic rigidities hold back needed initiatives. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1994, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India achieved 7.6% GDP growth in 2005, significantly expanding manufacturing. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers. Despite strong growth, the World Bank and others worry about the combined state and federal budget deficit, running at approximately 9% of GDP; government borrowing has kept interest rates high. Economic deregulation would help attract additional foreign capital and lower interest rates. The huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem.
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PIB: $3,611,000,000,000 USD
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Moeda: Indian rupee
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PIB per Capita: $3,300 USD
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Código da Moeda: INR
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Valores do Crescimento do PIB: 7.60 %
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Valor de um dólar é Igual a : %fincurrencyequals% INR
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História da Taxa de Troca da Moeda: Indian rupees per US dollar - 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001)
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PIB da Agricultura: 18.60 %
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PIB da Indústria: 27.60 %
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PIB dos Serviços: 53.80 % |
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Taxa de Inflação: 4.20 % |
População na Pobreza: 25.00 %
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Taxa de Desemprego: 8.99 %
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Turismo: 2,482,000.00 Visitantes em cada ano
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Consumo por menos 10%: 3.50 %
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Lucro em dólares: $111,200,000,000 USD
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Consumo por mais de 10%: 33.50 %
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Despesa em dólares: $135,800,000,000 USD
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Produção Eléctrica: 556,800,000,000 kWh
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Exportação de Energia Eléctrica: 187,000,000 kWh
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Consumo de Electricidade: 519,000,000,000 kWh
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Importação de Energia Eléctrica: 1,400,000,000 kWh
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Produção Eléctrica por Fonte:
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Produção de Energia Fóssil: 83.40%
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Produção de Energia Nuclear: 2.57%
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Produção de Energia Hídrica: 13.85%
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Produção de Outra Energia: 0.18%
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Produção de Petróleo: 785,000 barris por dia
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Produção de Gás Natural: 27,100,000,000 cu m
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Consumo de Petróleo: 2,320,000 barris por dia
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Consumo de Gás Natural: 27,100,000,000 cu m
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Exportações de Petróleo: 350,000 barris por dia
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Exportações de Gás Natural: 0 cu m
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Importações de Petróleo.: 2,090,000 barris por dia
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Importações de Gás Natural: 0 cu m
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Reservas de Petróleo: 5,700,000,000 barris
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Reservas de Gás Natural : 853,500,000,000 cu m
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Dívida Externa: $125,500,000,000 USD |
Recebido em Ajuda Económica: $2,900,000,000 USD
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Doado em Ajuda Económica: $0 USD
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Produtos Agrícolas: rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
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Indústrias Principais: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software
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Taxa do Crescimento Industrial: 7.90 %
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Total de Importações em Dólares: $113,100,000,000 USD - crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
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Parceiros de Importação: China 7.2%, US 6.4%, Belgium 5.1%, Singapore 4.7%, Australia 4.2%, Germany 4.2%, UK 4.1%
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Total de Exportações em Dólares: $76,230,000,000 USD - textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures
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Parceiros de Exportação: US 18%, China 8.9%, UAE 8.4%, UK 4.7%, Hong Kong 4.2%
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GINI Index: 32.50%
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Número de Trabalhadores: 496,400,000
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Trabalhadores por Ocupação: agriculture 60%, services 23%, industry 17%
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Estações de Rádio: 312 |
Número de Pessoas com aparelhos de rádio: 116,000,000 |
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Estações de Televisão: 562 |
Número de Pessoas com Televisores: 63,000,000 |
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Número de Pessoas com Telefones: 49,750,000 |
Número de Pessoas com Telemóveis: 69,193,321 |
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Servidores de Intenet: 787,543 |
Utilizadores de Internet: 50,600,000 |
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Código Internet do País: .in |
Jornais: 60 |
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Código do País em Duas Letras: IN |
Pesos e Medidas: Metric |
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Código de Telefone do País: 91 |
Electricidade em Volts: 240 Volts |
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Sistema de Telefone: General assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change; local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but telephone density remains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but only one per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list of over 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modest growth in fixed lines
Domestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak in rural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramatic reductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobile cellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecom circles each with about three private service providers and one state-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with five satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
International: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic.
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Auto-Estradas: 2,411,001 km |
Caminhos-de-ferro: 63,230 km
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Oleodutos: 18,546 km |
Rios e Canais Navegáveis: 14,500 km
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Aeroportos: 243 |
Heliportos: 28
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Veículos a Motor: 13 por 1000 pessoas |
Emissão de CO2: 1,025,566,000 Toneladas Métricas de CO2 por ano |
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Emissão de CO2 por capita: 4.20 Toneladas Métricas de CO2 por ano |
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Marinhas Mercantes: total: 316 ships (1000 GRT or over) 7,772,313 GRT/13,310,858 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 96, cargo 72, chemical tanker 13, container 8, liquefied gas 17, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 96, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 10 (China 2, Hong Kong 1, UAE 6, UK 1)
registered in other countries: 46 (Bahamas 1, Comoros 1, Cyprus 5, North Korea 1, Liberia 3, Malta 1, Mauritius 2, Panama 19, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6, Singapore 5, Venezuela 1, unknown 1)
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Portos: Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam
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População: 1,095,351,995 tipo de pessoa - nacionalidade |
Percentagem de Nascimentos: 22.01 nascimentos em cada 1000 pessoas |
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Densidade Populacional: 324.00 pessoas por km2 |
Percentagem de Mortes: 8.18 mortes em cada 1000 pessoas |
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Crescimento populacional: 1.38% por ano |
Percentagem de Fertilidade por Mulher: 2.73 bébes nascidos em cada mulher |
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População Masculina : 0-14: 173,478,760 |
População Feminina: 0-14: 163,852,827 |
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População Masculina 15-64: 363,876,219 |
População Feminina 15-64 : 340,181,764 |
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População Masculina 65+: 27,258,020 |
População Feminina 65+: 26,704,405 |
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População 0-14: 30.80% |
Percentagem de Alfabetização: 59.50% |
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População 15-64: 64.30% |
Percentagem de Alfabetização Masculina: 70.20% |
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População 65+: 4.90% |
Percentagem de Alfabetização Feminina: 48.30% |
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População Masculina: 52.50
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População Feminina: 47.50% |
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Esperança Média de Vida nos anos de Nascimento: 64.71 anos |
Taxa de Mortalidade Infantil - morte de bébes em cada 1000 nascimentos: 54.63 Morte de bebés em 1000 nascimentos |
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Esperança Média de Vida nos nascimentos Masculinos: 63.90 years |
Esperança Média de Vida nos nascimentos Femininos: 65.57 years |
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Taxa de incidência SIDA/HIV: 0.90%
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Número de pessoas com Sida ou HIV: 5,100,000
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Número de pessoas que morreram com SIDA: 310,000 |
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Risco de Doenças: High
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Doenças: food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
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Migração Net em cada 1000 pessoas: -0.07
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Nacionalidade: INDIAN
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Grupos Étnicos: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%
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Idioma Principal: English
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Outros Idiomas: English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marat
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Religião Principal: Hindu
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Outras Religiões: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1%
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Ramos: Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard, various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, and Defense Security Corps)
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Mão-de-Obra Militar em forma para o Serviço : 16 anos
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Mão-de-obra Militar Disponível: 556,075,946 Pessoas
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Mão-de-Obra Militar em forma para o Serviço : 429,389,552 Pessoas
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Quantidade de Mão-de-obra Militar disponível: 22,112,329 Pessoas por ano
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Despesas: $19,040,000,000 USD por ano
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Despesas como percentagem do PIB: 2.50
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Nota: Phrasebase utiliza fontes variáveis quando junta factos e informação presente em cima. Essa informação continuamente actualizada durante o ano.
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Índia Directório de Spa e Resort
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Índia Trocas de Casa
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Índia Aluguer de Apartamentos e Villas para Férias
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Índia Informação da Cidade - Jogo de Ganhar Dinheiro
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